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Item Ciudades Inteligentes: ¿Estamos avanzando en Costa Rica?(Revista Ibérica de Sistemas e Tecnologias de Informação, 2022-01) Olda Bustillos Ortega; Directora de la Escuela de Ingeniería Informática (UIA), docente catedrática (25+ años) y profesional TI (29+ años). Formación: Lic. en Administración (Gerencia), dos másteres en TI, doctorado en curso en Ing. Informática–IA. Lideró la acreditación SINAES, 15+ publicaciones; líneas: IA y ciberseguridad. Miembro IEEE/MICITT; certificada por Harvard. Impulsó Alfabetización Digital, Mujeres en Tecnología, Digital Time y reforma curricular.; Jorge Murillo Gamboa; Máster en Computación (Telemática). Docente–investigador en la Escuela de Ingeniería Informática (UIA). 35+ años como consultor, gerente de TI, PM y charlista internacional. Senior Member IEEE Computer Society; 5 años At-Large Member del comité profesional de educación IEEE-PEAB. Coautor/editor en EITBOK y IT Curricula 2017 (IEEE Computer Society).El término de Ciudad Inteligente hace referencia a una tendencia global que corresponde al uso de las tecnologías de la información para transformar las ciudades en áreas más habitables, viables y sostenibles. El término es utilizado en instituciones gubernamentales de países latinoamericanos; sin embargo, se vuelve necesaria una reflexión sobre si es una utopía llegar a transformar una ciudad hasta el nivel de caracterizarla como "inteligente". Se utilizan experiencias de otros países, su evolución, autonomía, movilidad y desarrollo de aplicaciones informáticas que buscan automatizar sus ciudades. Se elabora una herramienta, como propuesta, para validar una ciudad como inteligente, y se ofrece para coadyuvar en la integración de iniciativas estratégicas aisladas y guiar la innovación de las ciudades actuales. Como caso de estudio, se presenta la aplicación de la herramienta a los planes y estrategias que está teniendo actualmente el Gobierno de Costa Rica.Item Towards a measurement of smart and sustainable cities(Publicaciones en Ciencia y Tecnología, 2022-07-20) Olda Bustillo Ortega;Paola Solano; Adriana Luna ; Fabián Rodríguez SibajaThe term Smart or Sustainable City refers to a global trend that corresponds to the use of information technologies to transform cities into more liveable, viable and sustainable areas for their inhabitants. This article documentarily analyses several measurement models from different countries; ISO/IEEE standards, degrees of maturity, sustainable and inclusive development, environmental improvements, urban intelligence metrics, a "Smart Dashboard", as well as performance indicators to evaluate the success and progress of smart city projects. It analyses the results and provides a comparison of the measurement models and metrics evaluated, to assist in the development of policies and initiatives, to guide economic growth and social development of rural and urban communities. To propose a strategic guide that can be used for the design of smart and sustainable projects, to try to improve the quality oflife of citizens.Item Análisis bibliométrico de las Líneas de investigación de la carrera de Relaciones Internacionales en Hispanoamérica en el periodo 2018-2022.(2023) Nikole Vanessa Muñoz VillalobosItem Association between lipid markers in childhood/ adolescence and cardiovascular events in adulthood: A systematic review(2023-01-07) Walter Masson; Leandro Barbagelata; Pablo Corral; Juan P. NogueiraThis systematic review evaluated the association between lipid markers in childhood and adolescence and cardiovascular events in adulthood. Following PRISMA guidelines, prospective observational cohort studies assessing childhood lipid levels and subsequent cardiovascular outcomes were included. Five studies involving 43,540 participants met the eligibility criteria. Elevated triglyceride levels were consistently associated with increased cardiovascular risk in adulthood. Total cholesterol and lipoprotein(a) also showed significant predictive associations, while findings for LDL-C were heterogeneous and HDL-C showed no significant association. These findings suggest that lipid abnormalities during childhood and adolescence may predict cardiovascular disease in early and middle adulthood, supporting early lipid screening and cardiovascular risk assessment.Item Dyslipidemia in adults with congenital heart disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis(2023-07-12) Walter Masson; Leandro Barbagelata; Martín Lobo; Pablo Corral; Juan P. Nogueira; Luciano LucasThis systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated dyslipidemia prevalence and lipid levels in adults with congenital heart disease. Following PRISMA guidelines, observational studies reporting dyslipidemia prevalence or comparing lipid profiles between congenital heart disease patients and controls were included. Twenty-nine studies involving 22,914 patients and 641,086 controls were analyzed. Reported dyslipidemia prevalence ranged from 14.3% to 69.9%. Quantitative analysis showed significantly lower total cholesterol, LDL-C, and HDL-C levels in patients with congenital heart disease compared with controls, while triglyceride levels showed no significant differences. Further research using standardized dyslipidemia definitions and accounting for disease complexity and confounding factors is warranted.Item Elevated Lipoprotein(a) Levels and Atrial Fibrillation: A Systematic Review(2023-07-17) Walter Masson; Leandro Barbagelata; Juan P Nogueira; Pablo Corral; Augusto Lavalle-Cobo; Francisco J. RomeoThis systematic review evaluated the association between elevated lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] levels or related genetic variants and atrial fibrillation (AF). Following PRISMA guidelines, observational studies assessing Lp(a) concentrations or single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with AF were systematically reviewed. Eleven studies involving 1,246,817 patients were included, comprising cross-sectional, cohort, and Mendelian randomization designs. Findings were heterogeneous: studies reported positive, inverse, or no significant associations between Lp(a) and AF. This variability prevented definitive conclusions regarding its clinical relevance. Current evidence therefore remains inconsistent, highlighting the need for further well-designed studies across diverse populations to clarify the potential relationship between Lp(a) and atrial fibrillation.Item EL TESTIGO PROTEGIDO EN EL CONTEXTO DEL CRIMEN ORGANIZADO. FASES DE PROTECCIÓN E IMPLICACIONES PROCESALES Y, AFECTACIÓN A LA DIGNIDAD HUMANA.(2023-09-25) Edwin Retana CarreraLa presente investigación analiza las implicaciones procesales y personales de la figura del testigo protegido en el contexto de la criminalidad organizada en Costa Rica, con especial énfasis en las medidas de protección procesal y su relación con los principios de dignidad humana y derecho de defensa. Para ello, se realiza un análisis de la legislación nacional, la jurisprudencia constitucional, la doctrina especializada y los instrumentos internacionales de derechos humanos, con el propósito de determinar si el ordenamiento jurídico costarricense garantiza una protección efectiva durante todas las etapas del proceso penal. Los resultados evidencian la existencia de inconsistencias normativas respecto a la duración de las medidas de protección, particularmente en la etapa de juicio, lo que puede comprometer la integridad física del testigo protegido, desincentivar su colaboración con la administración de justicia y afectar la eficacia de la persecución penal frente al crimen organizado. Se concluye que la protección procesal debe mantenerse mientras subsista el riesgo para la persona protegida, procurando un equilibrio entre la tutela de los derechos fundamentales del testigo y las garantías procesales de las partes involucradas.Item Effects of treatment delays on lung cancer survival(2023-10-26) Percy Guzman, Sharon Segura, Michael T. HalpernBackground: Previous studies have established an association between delays in treatment initiation and reduced overall survival among patients diagnosed with lung cancer. However, this relationship has not been extensively examined using data from a large national cohort. This study aimed to evaluate the association between treatment delays and survival outcomes in patients with lung cancer. Methods: The study included 3,723 patients with lung cancer participating in the NCI PLCO Cancer Screening Trial. Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were used to examine the time between cancer diagnosis and treatment initiation. The analyses incorporated tumor progression intervals based on the Spratt and Detterbeck models and controlled for patient and clinical characteristics, including age, sex, race/ethnicity, smoking status, histopathologic type, cancer stage, and treatment modality. Results: Longer intervals between diagnosis and treatment initiation were associated with an increased risk of mortality. Patients with treatment delays exceeding 20 days had a hazard ratio (HR) for mortality of 1.21 (p < 0.001; 95% CI: 1.1158–1.3176). Using the Spratt tumor progression model, intervals exceeding 88 days were associated with an HR of 1.22 (p = 0.03; 95% CI: 1.0146–1.4885). In contrast, the Detterbeck model, based on intervals exceeding 118 days, did not show a statistically significant association with increased mortality. Smoking status, marital status, and tumor grade were also identified as significant predictors of mortality risk. Conclusions: Data from this large national cohort indicate that delays in lung cancer treatment initiation are associated with poorer survival outcomes. The greatest difference in mortality risk was observed in relation to treatment initiation shortly after diagnosis, supporting the importance of timely treatment in lung cancer care.Item Applicability of Artificial Intelligence in the Field of Clinical Lipidology: A Narrative Review(2023-12-19) Walter Masson; Pablo Corral; Juan P Nogueira; Augusto Lavalle-CoboArtificial intelligence (AI) has rapidly expanded its applications in medicine, including clinical lipidology. This narrative review examines the potential uses of AI, machine learning (ML), and deep learning (DL) in the diagnosis, prediction, and management of lipid disorders. Relevant studies were identified through searches of major scientific databases. Current applications include familial hypercholesterolemia detection, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol estimation, prediction of lipid goal attainment, identification of barriers to statin use, and assessment of lipid discordance. AI-based approaches show promising diagnostic and predictive performance. However, ethical concerns, transparency, reproducibility, methodological limitations, and population-specific applicability require further research and appropriate regulatory frameworks.Item Acute pancreatitis due to different semaglutide regimens: An updated meta-analysis(2024-01-07) Walter Masson; Martín Lobo; Leandro Barbagelata; Augusto Lavalle-Cobo; Juan P. NogueiraSemaglutide is widely used for type 2 diabetes and weight management, although concerns remain regarding its pancreatic safety. This updated meta-analysis evaluated the risk of acute pancreatitis associated with different semaglutide regimens. Randomized placebo-controlled trials were systematically reviewed following PRISMA guidelines, and global and stratified analyses were performed. Twenty-one trials involving 34,721 patients were included. Semaglutide was not associated with an increased risk of acute pancreatitis compared with placebo. Similar findings were observed for oral, low-dose subcutaneous, and high-dose subcutaneous regimens. These results support the pancreatic safety of semaglutide across different therapeutic regimens, although further real-world evidence remains warranted.Item Análisis del uso de la Inteligencia Artificial como cifrado diagnóstico para el cáncer de mama en Norteamérica en el período 2019-2024(2024-03-03) Jossilinne González Venegasa investigación analiza el uso de la inteligencia artificial como herramienta de apoyo para el cribado diagnóstico del cáncer de mama en Norteamérica durante el período 2019-2024. El estudio se desarrolla mediante una revisión bibliográfica sistemática con enfoque cualitativo, basada en artículos científicos sobre IA, mamografía, ultrasonido, resonancia magnética e histopatología. Se destaca que la IA puede mejorar la detección temprana, apoyar la interpretación de imágenes médicas, reducir falsos negativos, optimizar el trabajo del radiólogo y aumentar la precisión diagnóstica. Además, se reconoce que su implementación aún enfrenta retos relacionados con costos, sesgos, calidad de datos, validación clínica y acceso desigual a la tecnología. En conclusión, la IA no sustituye al personal médico, pero sí representa una herramienta prometedora para fortalecer el diagnóstico oportuno y personalizado del cáncer de mama.Item Practical Approaches to Managing Dyslipidemia in Patients With Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease(2024-03-10) Fernando Bril; Gabriela Berg; Magali Barchuk; Juan Patricio NogueiraDyslipidemia and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) frequently coexist and substantially increase cardiovascular risk. This review examines their pathophysiological relationship and current therapeutic approaches. Insulin resistance plays a central role in both conditions, supporting an integrated strategy targeting lipid abnormalities, glycemic control, body weight, and liver disease. Lifestyle interventions remain fundamental, while lipid-lowering and glucose-lowering therapies provide complementary cardiometabolic benefits. Statins are safe and recommended when clinically indicated, whereas emerging therapies may simultaneously improve liver disease and lipid profiles. Comprehensive management of MASLD and dyslipidemia is essential to reduce cardiovascular risk and optimize metabolic and hepatic outcomes in affected patients.Item Responsalidad Penal en Costa Rica del Notario Público en ejercicio de su cargo(2024-06-04) Glen Calvo CéspedesLa presente investigación analiza la responsabilidad penal del notario público en Costa Rica durante el ejercicio de su cargo, a partir del estudio de la doctrina, la legislación y la jurisprudencia nacional. Se examinan la naturaleza jurídica de la función notarial, la importancia de la fe pública y el régimen de responsabilidades aplicable al notario. Asimismo, se analizan las principales conductas delictivas relacionadas con el ejercicio de la función notarial, entre ellas la falsedad ideológica, la falsificación de documentos públicos y privados y el uso de documento falso. Se concluye que el ejercicio ético, diligente y conforme al ordenamiento jurídico resulta indispensable para garantizar la seguridad jurídica y fortalecer la confianza de la sociedad en la función notarial.Item Lineas de investigación primera fase: revisión documental(2024-07) Yensie Zapata ChacónEsta primera fase realiza una revisión documental y bibliométrica para identificar tendencias de investigación en Periodismo (2019–2023) en Costa Rica, Colombia y España y, con ello, delinear líneas de investigación pertinentes para la carrera en la UIA. El estudio combina análisis de literatura especializada y de Trabajos Finales de Graduación del período, clasificando 133 TFG en 14 categorías (p. ej., comunicación digital, comunicación organizacional, cobertura periodística, análisis de contenido). Los hallazgos muestran focos temáticos consolidados en periodismo digital y organizacional, y la necesidad de fortalecer la articulación metodológica y la pertinencia curricular. Con base en ello, se propone un portafolio preliminar de líneas que orienta TFG, docencia y mejora continua del plan de estudios.Item Análisis comparativo sobre la viabilidad de las propuestas de regulación actuales de la inteligencia artificial en Costa Rica(2024-07-03) Minor Andrés Delgado SánchezItem Anti-inflammatory effect of semaglutide: updated systematic review and meta-analysis(2024-07-05) Walter Masson; Martín Lobo; Juan Patricio Nogueira; Alfredo Matias Rodriguez-Granillo; Leandro Ezequiel Barbagelata; Daniel SiniawskiThe anti-inflammatory effect of semaglutide may represent one of the mechanisms underlying its cardiovascular benefits in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and/or obesity. This systematic review and meta-analysis, conducted according to PRISMA guidelines, evaluated randomized clinical trials assessing the effect of semaglutide on C-reactive protein (CRP) levels compared with placebo or other glucose-lowering therapies. Thirteen randomized clinical trials involving 26,131 participants were included. Semaglutide was associated with significantly lower CRP levels compared with both placebo and control groups, regardless of treatment regimen or population evaluated. These findings support a significant anti-inflammatory effect of semaglutide that may contribute to its cardiovascular benefits.